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playground:playground [2012/07/11 16:11] 89.173.65.92 |
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| - | ====== PlayGround ====== | ||
| - | [[pokus]] | ||
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| - | '''Free and open-source software''' ('''F/OSS''', '''FOSS''') or '''free/libre/open-source software''' ('''FLOSS''') is software that is both [[free software]] and [[open source]]. It is [[free software licence|liberally licensed]] to grant users the right to use, copy, study, change, distribute, and improve its design through the availability of its [[source code]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Free Software Foundation|title=What is free software?|url=http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html|accessdate=14 December 2011}}</ref> | ||
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| - | abdcsd sadfajdsflkjlsdakf | ||
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| - | This approach has ABCD gained both momentum and acceptance as the potential benefits{{clarification needed|date=April 2012}} have been increasingly recognized by individuals and corporations.<ref>{{citation | ||
| - | |url = http://www.informatika.sk | ||
| - | |title = LinuxWorld Showcases Open-Source Growth, Expansion | ||
| - | |accessdate =25 November 2007 | ||
| - | |last = Hatlestad | ||
| - | |first = Luc | ||
| - | |date = 9 August 2005 | ||
| - | |work = InformationWeek | ||
| - | |publisher = CMP Media, LLC | ||
| - | |archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5Tchd69ij | ||
| - | |archivedate = 25 November 2007 | ||
| - | }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | ||
| - | |url = http://www.informationweek.com/windows/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=196901596&subSection=Open+Source | ||
| - | |title = Study Finds Open Source Benefits Business | ||
| - | |dateformat = | ||
| - | |accessdate =11 2 5 2007 | ||
| - | |last = Claburn | ||
| - | |first = Thomas | ||
| - | |date = 17 January 2007 |work = InformationWeek | ||
| - | |publisher = CMP Media LLC | ||
| - | |archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5TchF5fkl | ||
| - | |archivedate = 25 November 2007 | ||
| - | }}</ref> | ||
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| - | In the context of [[Free software|free]] and [[open-source software]], ''free'' refers to the freedom to copy and re-use the software, rather than to the price of the software. The [[Free Software Foundation]], an organization that advocates the free software model, suggests that, to understand the concept, one should "think of free as in free speech, not as in free beer".<ref>{{cite web | ||
| - | |url = http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html | ||
| - | |publisher = GNU.org | ||
| - | |title = The Free Software Definition | ||
| - | |accessdate =4 February 2010}} | ||
| - | </ref> | ||
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| - | FOSS is an inclusive term that covers both [[free software]] and [[open source software]], which despite describing similar development models, have differing cultures and philosophies.<ref>Feller (2005), p. 89, 362</ref> In the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, it was normal for computer users to have the freedoms that are provided by free software. | ||
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| - | Free software focuses on the fundamental freedoms it gives to users, whereas open source software focuses on the perceived strengths of its peer-to-peer development model.<ref>Feller (2005), pp. 101–106, 110–111.</ref> FOSS is a term that can be used without particular bias towards either political approach. | ||
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| - | [[Free software licence]]s and [[open source license]]s are used by [[List of open source software packages|many software packages]]. While the licenses themselves are in most cases the same, the two terms grew out of different philosophies and are often used to signify different distribution methodologies.<ref>{{cite web | ||
| - | |url = http://www.gnu.org.ua/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.html | ||
| - | |title = Why "Free Software" is better than "Open Source" | ||
| - | |accessdate =25 November 2007 | ||
| - | |last = Barr | ||
| - | |first = Joe | ||
| - | |year = 1998 | ||
| - | |publisher = [[Free Software Foundation]] | ||
| - | |archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5TchyyzYm | ||
| - | |archivedate = 25 November 2007 | ||
| - | }}</ref> | ||
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| - | The '''Moving Picture Experts Group''' ('''MPEG''') was formed by the [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] to set standards for [[audio compression|audio]] and [[video compression]] and transmission. The '''Moving Picture Experts Group''' ('''MPEG''') is a [[working group]] of experts that was formed by [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] and [[International Electrotechnical Commission|IEC]] to set standards for [[audio compression (data)|audio]] and [[video compression]] and transmission.<ref name="TMH-2">John Watkinson, ''The MPEG Handbook'', p.1</ref> It was established in 1988 by the initiative of [[Hiroshi Yasuda]] ([[Nippon Telegraph and Telephone]]) and [[Leonardo Chiariglione]]<ref>{{citation |url=http://users.ipfw.edu/reddpv01/mp3Genesis.pdf | format=PDF | |title=Genesis of the MP3 Audio Coding Standard |author=Hans Geog Musmann |accessdate=2011-07-26}}</ref>, group Chair since its inception. The first MPEG meeting was in May 1988 in Ottawa, Canada.<ref name="about-mpeg">{{cite web |url=http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/about_mpeg.htm |title=About MPEG |publisher=chiariglione.org |accessdate=2009-12-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/meetings.htm |title='''MPEG''' Meetings |publisher=chiariglione.org |accessdate=2009-12-13}}</ref><ref name="chiariglione-history">{{cite web |url=http://ride.chiariglione.org/faultline.htm |title=Riding the Media Bits, The Faultline |author=chiariglione.org |date=2009-09-06 |accessdate=2010-02-09}}</ref> As of late 2005, MPEG has grown to include approximately 350 members per meeting from various industries, universities, and research institutions. MPEG's official designation is [[ISO/IEC JTC1]]/SC29 WG11 - ''Coding of moving pictures and audio'' (ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1, Subcommittee 29, Working Group 11).<ref name="wg11-structure">{{cite web |url=http://www.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/sc29/29w12911.htm |title=ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29, SC 29/WG 11 Structure (ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 11 - Coding of Moving Pictures and Audio) |author=ISO, IEC |date=2009-11-05 |accessdate=2009-11-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://wg11.sc29.org/index.xalter |title=MPEG - Moving Picture Experts Group |author=MPEG Committee |accessdate=2009-11-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/prods-services/popstds/mpeg.html |title=MPEG Standards - Coded representation of video and audio |author=ISO | accessdate=2009-11-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/standards_development/technical_committees/list_of_iso_technical_committees/iso_technical_committee.htm?commid=45316 |title=JTC 1/SC 29 - Coding of audio, picture, multimedia and hypermedia information |author=ISO |accessdate=2009-11-11}}</ref> | ||
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